Criminal Professional Toolkit

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Criminal Causes of Action to Consider when Representing the Elderly Client

Financial Abuse/Abuse of Property

1. Embezzlement
2. Extortion
3. Forgery
4. Identity Theft
5. Larceny
6. Obtaining Money by False Pretenses

Physical or Mental Abuse

1. Assault and Battery
2. Vulnerable Adult Abuse

Michigan Criminal Sexual Conduct Statutes

1. Financial Abuse/Abuse of Property

a. Embezzlement

i. Elements of Embezzlement: MCL 750.174

1. Sec. 174. (1) A person who as the agent, servant, or employee of another person, governmental entity within this state, or other legal entity or who as the trustee, bailee, or custodian of the property of another person, governmental entity within this state, or other legal entity fraudulently disposes of or converts to his or her own use, or takes or secretes with the intent to convert to his or her own use without the consent of his or her principal, any money or other personal property of his or her principal that has come to that person's possession or that is under his or her charge or control by virtue of his or her being an agent, servant, employee, trustee, bailee, or custodian, is guilty of embezzlement.

ii. Jurisdiction: Crimes of embezzlement may be prosecuted in the jurisdiction in which the property is received by the accused or the jurisdiction in which the accused was to deliver, re-deliver or return said property. M.C.L.A. 762.10; People v. Mulder, 167 Mich.App. 141 (1988).

iii. Sample Jury Instructions

iv. The defendant is charged with the crime of embezzlement. To prove this charge, the prosecutor must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
1. First, that the [money / property] belongs to <name principal>.
2. Second, that the defendant had a relationship of trust with <name principal> because the defendant was <define relationship>.
3. Third, that the defendant obtained possession or control of the [money / property] because of this relationship.
4. Fourth, that the defendant
5. Choose (a), (b), or (c):
a. dishonestly disposed of the [money / property].
b. converted the [money / property] to [his / her] own use.
c. took or hid the [money / property] with the intent to convert it to [his / her] own use without the consent of <name principal>.
6. Fifth, that at the time the defendant did this, [he / she] intended to defraud or cheat <name principal> of some property.
7. Sixth, that the fair market value of the property or amount of money embezzled was:

v. Choose only one of the following unless instructing on lesser offenses:
1. $20,000 or more.
2. $1,000 or more, but less than $20,000.
3. $200 or more, but less than $1,000.
4. some amount less than $200.

vi. Use the following paragraph only if applicable:

vii. [You may add together the value of property or money embezzled in separate incidents if part of a scheme or course of conduct (within a 12-month period) when deciding whether the prosecutor has proved the amount required beyond a reasonable doubt.]

b. Extortion
i. MCL 750.213 Malicious threats to extort money—Any person who shall, either orally or by a written or printed communication, maliciously threaten to accuse another of any crime or offense, or shall orally or by any written or printed communication maliciously threaten any injury to the person or property or mother, father, husband, wife or child of another with intent thereby to extort money or any pecuniary advantage whatever, or with intent to compel the person so threatened to do or refrain from doing any act against his will, shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not more than 20 years or by a fine of not more than 10,000 dollars.

c. Forgery
i. MCL 750.249. Uttering and publishing forged instruments—Any person who shall utter and publish as true, any false, forged, altered or counterfeit record, deed, instrument or other writing mentioned in the preceding section, knowing the same to be false, altered, forged or counterfeit, with intent to injure or defraud as aforesaid, shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not more than 14 years

d. Identity Theft (Unauthorized credit application)
i. The US Government defines identity theft as follows: "[I]dentity theft occurs when someone appropriates your personal information without your knowledge to commit fraud or theft."
ii. For more details on preventing identity theft, and dealing with it if you're already a victim, visit the US government's consumer site on the issue, at:
http://www.consumer.gov/idtheft/
iii. Alternatively, you can download an excellent electronic book from the US Federal Trade Commission on the subject, entitled, "Take Charge: Fighting Back Against Identity Theft " from: http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/idtheft/idt04.pdf
iv. In Michigan the Identity Theft Protection Act: MCLA 445.61 et seq. (eff. March 1, 2005)
1. What is Identity Theft?
a. Using or attempting to use the personal identifying information of another person, with intent to defraud or violate the law, to obtain credit, goods, services, money, property, medical records, or to commit another unlawful act. MCLA 445.65.
b. Keep in mind that the accused can argue that information was given as a gift, that victim gave consent, that accused had to give the information as a matter of law. MCLA 445.65(2).
2. What can a victim of Identity Theft do?
a. Victim is entitled to file a police report with a law enforcement agency and obtain a copy of that report. MCLA 780.754(a); 780.783(b); 780.814(a).
b. Additionally, filing a police report is important to put the event in writing and also to protect, and designate the individual as a victim, so they can not be denied credit or public utilities in the future for being a victim of identity theft. MCLA 445.71(1)(a).
3. How much time does a victim of Identity Theft have?
a. There is a six year statute of limitations for identify theft, which starts running as soon as the defendant legal name is known. MCLA 767.24.
v. Unlawful use of creditor card or ATM
1. A person who steals, knowingly takes, or knowingly removes a financial transaction device, like an ATM card, credit card, debit card, from its owner, or who knowingly uses a financial transaction device without the consent of the owner, is guilty of a felony. MCL 750.157(n)(1)
2. The Michigan Court of Appeals has “conclude[d] that the offense of stealing or retaining a financial transaction device constitutes a specific intent crime, given that knowledge is an essential element of this crime.” People v. Ainsworth, 495 N.W.2d 177, 179 (Mich.App.,1992).

vi. Illegal use of a financial device
1. A person who uses, permits, causes, or procures the financial transaction device to be used, delivered, circulated, or sold, knowing the device is stolen is guilty of a felony. MCL 750.157q
a. A person who delivers, circulates, or sells a financial transaction device which was obtained or held by that person under circumstances proscribed under section 157n, 157p, or 157v, or uses, permits, causes, or procures the financial transaction device to be used, delivered, circulated, or sold, knowing the device to have been obtained or held under circumstances proscribed under section 157n, 157p, or 157v is guilty of a felony.
b. Section 750.157n: A person who steals, knowingly takes, or knowingly removes a financial transaction device from the person or possession of a deviceholder, or who knowingly retains, knowingly possesses, knowingly secretes, or knowingly uses a financial transaction device without the consent of the deviceholder, is guilty of a felony.
i. A person who knowingly possesses a fraudulent or altered financial transaction device is guilty of a felony.
c. Section 750.157p: A person who has in his or her possession, or under his or her control, or who receives from another person a financial transaction device with the intent to use, deliver, circulate, or sell the financial transaction device, or to permit, cause, or procure the financial transaction device to be used, delivered, circulated, or sold, knowing the possession, control, receipt, use, delivery, circulation, or sale to be without the consent of the deviceholder, is guilty of a felony.
d. Section 750.157v: A person who, knowingly and with intent to defraud, makes or causes to be made, directly or indirectly, a false statement in writing regarding his or her identity or that of any other person for the purpose of procuring the issuance of a financial transaction device, is guilty of a felony
2. It is “unlawful use of the card with intent to defraud” that violates the statue, not use of the card to actually buy goods or services. (Successfully completing the purchase with the stolen credit card is not an element of the offense of illegal use of a credit card; Hillard attempted to make 2 purchases with a stolen credit card, and though he never actually bought the goods, he was still guilty of illegal use of a credit card. People v. Hilliard, 408 N.W.2d 482, 484 (Mich.App.,1987).

vii. Altering a financial transaction device
1. A person who, with intent to defraud, forges, materially alters, simulates, or counterfeits a financial transaction device is guilty of a felony. MCL 750.157r.
2. To prove this charge, the prosecutor must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
a. First, that the defendant [obtained possession of/retained/hid/used] [name device].
b. Second, that the defendant did this knowingly.
c. Third, that the defendant did this without [name deviceholder]'s consent.
d. Fourth, that the defendant intended to defraud or cheat someone.
3. Sample Jury Instructions for Possession of Fraudulent or Altered Financial Transaction Device
a. The defendant is charged w/ the crime of possession a fraudulent or altered name financial transaction device. To prove this charge, the prosecutor must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
b. First, that the defendant possessed the name device, which was either fraudulently issued or was altered in some way so that it was different than when it was originally issued
c. Second that the defendant did this knowingly
d. Third, that the defendant intended to defraud or cheat someone

viii. Unauthorized credit application
1. MCL 750.219e. Except as otherwise provided by law, a person shall not do any of the following:
a. Prepare or submit an application for a loan or other extension of credit in another person's name without authorization from that other person.
b. Receive or possess an application for a loan or other extension of credit knowing or having reason to know the application was prepared or submitted in violation of subsection (1).
c. Receive or possess any instrument or device for accessing the proceeds of a loan or other extension of credit knowing or having reason to know the instrument or device was obtained as a result of a violation of subsection (1).
2. MCL 750.219e (2). A person who violates this section is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 4 years or a fine of not more than $2,500.00, or both.

ix. Using a computer to commit a crime
1. MCL 752.796. Sec. 6. (1) A person shall not use a computer program, computer, computer system, or computer network to commit, attempt to commit, conspire to commit, or solicit another person to commit a crime.
2. MCL 752.796. Sec. 6. (2) This section does not prohibit a person from being charged with, convicted of, or punished for any other violation of law committed by that person while violating or attempting to violate this section, including the underlying offense.
3. MCL 752.796. Sec. 6. (3) This section applies regardless of whether the person is convicted of committing, attempting to commit, conspiring to commit, or soliciting another person to commit the underlying offense.
4. Sample Jury Instructions for Accessing Computer w/ Intent to Defraud
a. The defendant is charged w/ the crime of accessing a computer w/ the intent to defraud. To prove this charge, the prosecutor must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
b. First, that the defendant accessed a computer/ c program/ c system/ c network
c. Secondly, that the defendant did so intentionally
d. Third, that the defendant did so for the purpose of devising or executing a scheme or plan to obtain [money/property/service] by a false or fraudulent pretense/representation/promise
e. Fourth that the defendant’s acts directly or indirectly caused an aggregate loss of
i. 20,000 or more
ii. 1000 or more, but less than 20000
iii. 200 or more, but less than 1000
iv. some amount less than 200
x. Consumer’s liability for unauthorized use of cards
1. 15 USC 1643(a) Limits on liability
a. A cardholder shall be liable for the unauthorized use of a credit card only if--
i. the card is an accepted credit card;
ii. the liability is not in excess of $50;
iii. the card issuer gives adequate notice to the cardholder of the potential liability;
iv. the card issuer has provided the cardholder with a description of a means by which the card issuer may be notified of loss or theft of the card, which description may be provided on the face or reverse side of the statement required by section 1637(b) of this title or on a separate notice accompanying such statement;
v. the unauthorized use occurs before the card issuer has been notified that an unauthorized use of the credit card has occurred or may occur as the result of loss, theft, or otherwise; and
vi. the card issuer has provided a method whereby the user of such card can be identified as the person authorized to use it.
vii. For purposes of this section, a card issuer has been notified when such steps as may be reasonably required in the ordinary course of business to provide the card issuer with the pertinent information have been taken, whether or not any particular officer, employee, or agent of the card issuer does in fact receive such information.
b. Burden of proof: In any action by a card issuer to enforce liability for the use of a credit card, the burden of proof is upon the card issuer to show that the use was authorized or, if the use was unauthorized, then the burden of proof is upon the card issuer to show that the conditions of liability for the unauthorized use of a credit card, as set forth in subsection (a) of this section, have been met.
c. Liability imposed by other laws or by agreement with issuer: Nothing in this section imposes liability upon a cardholder for the unauthorized use of a credit card in excess of his liability for such use under other applicable law or under any agreement with the card issuer.
d. (d) Exclusiveness of liability: Except as provided in this section, a cardholder incurs no liability from the unauthorized use of a credit card.

e. Larceny
i. Elements of Larceny: M.C.L.A. 750.357; People v. Ainsworth, 495 N.W.2d 177, 178 (Mich.App.,1992)
1. An actual or constructive taking of goods or property,
2. A carrying away
3. The carrying away must be with felonious intent,
4. The subject matter must be the goods or personal property of another, and
5. The taking must be without the consent of and against the will of the owner.
ii. Larceny is a specific intent crime. People v. Lerma, 66 Mich.App. 566, 239 N.W.2d 424 (1976).
iii. Penalty for Larceny: MCLA 750.357—Any person who shall commit the offense of larceny by stealing from the person of another shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not more than 10 years.
iv. Sample Jury Instructions for Larceny
1. The defendant is charged with the crime of larceny. To prove this charge, the prosecutor must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
a. First, that the defendant took someone else's property.
b. Second, that the property was taken without consent.
c. Third, that there was some movement of the property. [It does not matter whether the defendant actually kept the property or whether the property was taken off the premises].
d. Fourth, that at the time the property was taken, the defendant intended to permanently deprive the owner of the property.
e. Fifth, that the property had a fair market value at the time it was taken of:
2. Choose only one of the following unless instructing on lesser offenses:
a. $20,000 or more.
b. $1,000 or more, but less than $20,000.
c. $200 or more, but less than $1,000.
d. some amount less than $200.
v. Larceny by Conversion or Trick
1. Elements of Larceny by Conversion or Trick : MCL 750.362
a. Any person to whom any money, goods or other property, which may be the subject of larceny, shall have been delivered, who shall embezzle or fraudulently convert to his own use, or shall secrete with the intent to embezzle, or fraudulently use such goods, money or other property, or any part thereof, shall be deemed by so doing to have committed the crime of larceny and shall be punished as provided in the first section of this chapter.
2. Sample Jury Instructions for Larceny by Trick
a. The defendant is charged with the crime of larceny. To prove this charge, the prosecutor must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
b. First, that the defendant took someone else's property.
c. Second, that the property was taken without consent.
d. Third, that there was some movement of the property. [It does not matter whether the defendant actually kept the property.]
e. Fourth, that at the time the property was taken, the defendant intended to permanently deprive the owner of the property.
f. Or, if the property was given to the defendant for some limited, special, or temporary purpose but the owner had no intention of actually giving the defendant ownership of it, and the defendant then took the property in a way that the defendant knew was not included in that purpose, that may be considered as taking the property without the owner's consent.]
g. Or, if you find that the defendant got the property by using some trick or pretense, you may consider whether the owner would have consented to the defendant taking the property if the owner had known the true nature of the act or transaction involved.
h. <Use (8) for felonies:> Fifth, that the property had a fair market value of more than $100 at the time it was taken.
i. <Use (9) for misdemeanors:> Fifth, that the property was worth something at the time it was taken.
vi. Home Invasion
1. 1st Degree Home Invasion MCL 750.110a(2) person who breaks and enters a dwelling with intent to commit a felony, larceny, or assault in the dwelling, a person who enters a dwelling without permission with intent to commit a felony, larceny, or assault in the dwelling, or a person who breaks and enters a dwelling or enters a dwelling without permission and, at any time while he or she is entering, present in, or exiting the dwelling, commits a felony, larceny, or assault is guilty of home invasion in the first degree if at any time while the person is entering, present in, or exiting the dwelling either of the following circumstances exists:
a. The person is armed with a dangerous weapon.
b. Another person is lawfully present in the dwelling.
2. 2nd Degree Home Invasion MCL 750.110a(3) A person who breaks and enters a dwelling with intent to commit a felony, larceny, or assault in the dwelling, a person who enters a dwelling without permission with intent to commit a felony, larceny, or assault in the dwelling, or a person who breaks and enters a dwelling or enters a dwelling without permission and, at any time while he or she is entering, present in, or exiting the dwelling, commits a felony, larceny, or assault is guilty of home invasion in the second degree.
3. 3rd Degree Home Invasion MCL 750.110a(4)A person is guilty of home invasion in the third degree if the person does either of the following:
a. Breaks and enters a dwelling with intent to commit a misdemeanor in the dwelling, enters a dwelling without permission with intent to commit a misdemeanor in the dwelling, or breaks and enters a dwelling or enters a dwelling without permission and, at any time while he or she is entering, present in, or exiting the dwelling, commits a misdemeanor.
b. Breaks and enters a dwelling or enters a dwelling without permission and, at any time while the person is entering, present in, or exiting the dwelling, violates any of the following ordered to protect a named person or persons:
i. A probation term or condition.
ii. A parole term or condition.
iii. A personal protection order term or condition.
iv. A bond or bail condition or any condition of pretrial release.
4. Penalty for Home Invasion MCL 750.110a(5)-(8)
a. Home invasion in the first degree is a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 20 years or a fine of not more than $5,000.00, or both.
b. Home invasion in the second degree is a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 15 years or a fine of not more than $3,000.00, or both.
c. Home invasion in the third degree is a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 5 years or a fine of not more than $2,000.00, or both.
d. The court may order a term of imprisonment imposed for home invasion in the first degree to be served consecutively to any term of imprisonment imposed for any other criminal offense arising from the same transaction.
vii. Receiving and Concealing Stolen Property of a Value Exceeding $100.00:
1. Elements: MCLA 750.535(1)
a. A person who buys, receives, possesses, conceals or aids in the concealment of stolen, embezzled, or converted money, goods, or property knowing the money, goods, or property to be stolen, embezzled, or converted, is guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or by a fine of not more than $2,500.00 or both. MCLA 750.535(1).
b. Elements of the crime of receiving and concealing stolen property of a value exceeding $100:
i. That the property was stolen;
ii. The value of the property;
iii. The receiving, possession or concealment of such property by the defendant with knowledge of the defendant that the property was stolen;
iv. The identity of the property as being that previously stolen; and
v. The guilty constructive or actual knowledge of the defendant that the property received or concealed had been stolen.
vi. People v. Ainsworth, 495 N.W.2d 177, 178-79 (Mich.App.,1992).
c. Receiving and concealing stolen property is not a specific intent crime. People v. Ainsworth, 495 N.W.2d 177, 179 (Mich.App., 1992).

f. Obtaining Money by False Pretenses
i. Elements of Obtaining Money by False Pretenses: MCL 750.218
1. Sec. 218. (1) A person who, with the intent to defraud or cheat makes or uses a false pretense to do 1 or more of the following is guilty of a crime punishable as provided in this section:

(a) Cause a person to grant, convey, assign, demise, lease, or mortgage land or an interest in land.

(b) Obtain a person's signature on a forged written instrument.

(c) Obtain from a person any money or personal property or the use of any instrument, facility, article, or other valuable thing or service.

(d) By means of a false weight or measure obtain a larger amount or quantity of property than was bargained for.

(e) By means of a false weight or measure sell or dispose of a smaller amount or quantity of property than was bargained for.

2. Abuse
a. Assault and Battery
i. Elements of Assault and Battery: (MCLA 750.81)
a. To prove the charge the prosecutor must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
i. That the defendant committed a battery on the victim. Battery is defined as forceful, violent or offensive touching of the victim or something closely related to the victim. The touching must be intended and not accidental and it must be against the will of the victim. There is no requirement of injury.
ii. That the defendant intended either to commit a battery upon the victim or to make the victim reasonably fear and immediate battery.
b. All assaults are specific intent crimes. People v Joeseype Johnson, 407 Mich 196, 284 NW2d 718 (1979).
c. If found guilty of the crime the defendant is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment of not more than 93 days or a fine of not more than $500, or both. The severity of the punishment increases with repeat convictions.

b. Vulnerable Adult Abuse
i. Elements of Vulnerable Adult Abuse 1st Degree: (750.145m)
a. To prove the charge the prosecutor must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
i. That the defendant was a caregiver to the victim. The statute defines caregiver as an individual who directly cares for or has physical custody of a vulnerable adult. MCL 750.145 m(c).
ii. That the defendant intentionally causes serious physical or mental harm to the victim. Serious physical harm is generally an injury that threatens the life of a vulnerable adult, causes substantial bodily disfigurement, or seriously impairs the functioning or well being of the vulnerable adult. Serious mental harm is an injury that results in a substantial alteration of mental functioning that is manifested in a visibly demonstrable manner.
iii. That the victim is a vulnerable adult which generally means the victim is 18 years or older who, because of age, developmental disability, mental illness, or physical handicap requires supervision or personal care or lacks the personal and social skills required to live independently. (For a complete definition see MCL 750.145 m (u)).
iv. By the statutory language this is a specific intent crime.
v. The statute provides for four degrees of possible abuse.
vi. The punishment for being guilty of this crime is a felony conviction punishable by imprisonment for not more than 15 years or a fine of not more than $10,000, or both.
ii. Elements of Vulnerable Adult Abuse 2nd Degree: (750.145m)
a. To prove the charge the prosecutor must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
i. That the defendant was a caregiver or other person with authority over victim. The statute defines caregiver as an individual who directly cares for or has physical custody of a vulnerable adult. MCL 750.145m(c).
ii. That the defendant by his reckless act or reckless failure to act caused serious physical harm or serious mental harm to the victim. Serious physical harm means an injury that threatens the life of a vulnerable adult, causes substantial bodily disfigurement, or seriously impairs the functioning or well being of the vulnerable adult. Serious mental harm means an injury that results in a substantial alteration of mental functioning that is manifested in a visibly demonstrable manner. Reckless act or reckless failure to act means the defendant’s conduct demonstrates a deliberate disregard of the likelihood that the natural tendency of the act or failure to act is to cause serious physical harm or serious mental harm.
iii. That the victim was at the time a vulnerable adult. The term vulnerable adult means: 1) An individual age 18 or over who, because of age, developmental disability, mental illness, or physical handicap requires supervision or personal care or lacks the personal and social skills required to live independently; or 2) A person 18 years of age or older who is placed in an adult foster care family home or an adult foster care small group home; or 3) A person not less than 18 years of age who is suspected of being or believed to be abused, neglected, or exploited; or any combination of the three.
iv. The statutory language indicates that this is a general intent crime.
iii. Elements of Vulnerable Adult Abuse 3rd Degree is:
a. To prove this charge, the prosecutor must prove the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
i. That the defendant was a caregiver or other person with authority over the victim.
ii. That the defendant intentionally caused physical harm to the victim. Physical harm means any injury to a vulnerable adult’s physical condition.
iii. That the victim was at the time a vulnerable adult. The term vulnerable adult means: 1) An individual age 18 or over who, because of age, developmental disability, mental illness, or physical handicap requires supervision or personal care or lacks the personal and social skills required to live independently; or 2) A person 18 years of age or older who is placed in an adult foster care family home or an adult foster care small group home; or 3) A person not less than 18 years of age who is suspected of being or believed to be abused, neglected, or exploited; or any combination of the three.
iv. The statutory language indicates that this is a specific intent crime.
iv. Elements of Vulnerable Adult Abuse 4th Degree:
a. To prove this charge, the prosecutor must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
i. That the defendant was a caregiver or other person with authority over the victim.
ii. That the defendant by his reckless act or reckless failure to act caused physical harm to the victim.
iii. That the victim was at the time a vulnerable adult. The term vulnerable adult means: 1) An individual age 18 or over who, because of age, developmental disability, mental illness, or physical handicap requires supervision or personal care or lacks the personal and social skills required to live independently; or 2) A person 18 years of age or older who is placed in an adult foster care family home or an adult foster care small group home; or 3) A person not less than 18 years of age who is suspected of being or believed to be abused, neglected, or exploited; or any combination of the three.
iv. The statutory language indicates that this is a general intent crime.

Michigan Criminal Sexual Conduct Statutes

Michigan Compiled Laws covering criminal sexual conduct:
MCL 750.520a
MCL 750.520b
MCL 750.520c
MCL 750.520d
MCL 750.520e

Links for additional information on the law and the elderly:

Michigan Resources
State of Michigan
Department of Attorney General
http://www.michigan.gov/ag/

State Bar of Michigan
Elder Law and Advocacy Section
http://www.michbar.org/elderlaw/resources.cfm

Michigan Elder Abuse Task Force
http://www.elderabusemi.org/ (although now getting a bit dated it has links and speaker materials and the like related to the Michigan Task Force’s work)

Michigan Prosecuting Attorneys
Coordinating Council
http://www.michiganprosecutor.org/

Michigan Sheriffs' Association
http://www.michigansheriff.com/

Michigan Society of Gerontology (MSG)
http://www.msginfo.org/

Michigan State Police
http://www.michigan.gov/msp

University of Michigan
Institute of Gerontology
http://www.iog.umich.edu/index.html

Wayne State University
Institute of Gerontology
http://www.iog.wayne.edu/

National Resources
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)
Keeping the Wolves from Grandma’s Door: Financial Exploitation of the Elderly

American Society of Adult Abuse
Professionals and Survivors (ASAAPS)
http://www.asaaps.org/

Elder Consumer Protection Project
Stetson University College of Law
http://elder.law.stetson.edu/

Federal Bureau of Investigation
http://www.fbi.gov/

National Center on Elder Abuse
http://www.elderabusecenter.org/

United States Postal Inspection Service
http://www.usps.com/postalinspectors/

University of Iowa
Geriatric Assessment Tools
http://www.medicine.uiowa.edu/igec/tools/default.asp an example of geriatric assessment tools (see if mich has a similar link at wayne state or at u of m or Michigan society of gerontology)

ICLE Publication Advising the Older Adult